Which term collectively describes the components Generation, Transmission, Substation, and Distribution?

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The main idea is the complete, interconnected network that carries electric energy from its source all the way to consumers. This encompasses generation, transmission, substations, distribution, and the control and protection systems that manage it. That broad, integrated system is called the power system. It explicitly names every stage of delivering electricity, from how it's generated to how it’s stepped down and handed off to customers, including the switching and protection that keep it reliable.

The term electrical grid is very close and many people use it to mean the network of wires and equipment, but the power system is the more formal, comprehensive term for all parts involved. Infrastructure is too broad and non-specific to electrical delivery, and electric plant typically refers mainly to generation facilities, not the whole chain from generation through distribution.