What purposes does a substation serve?

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Substations are built to manage power flow by performing several key tasks. They switch equipment in and out of the system, using breakers and switches to isolate faults, reconfigure lines, or set up maintenance without affecting other parts of the grid. They transform voltage levels with transformers, stepping voltage up for transmission or down for distribution so electricity can be moved efficiently and safely to customers. They also provide voltage control, using devices like on‑load tap changers, capacitor banks, and reactors to keep voltages within acceptable ranges and improve stability. Because a substation often combines switching, transformation, and voltage regulation in one location to connect, protect, and optimize the grid, all of the above is the best description.